CLIMATE OF INDIA

The lower east (Coromandel) and west (Malabar) coasts of the Peninsula and the Ganges Delta are humid tropical; most of the Peninsula and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowland are moist subtropical to temperate; and the semiarid steppe and dry desert of the far west are subtropical to temperate. The northern mountains display a zonal stratification from moist subtropical to dry arctic, depending on altitude. Extremes of weather are even more pronounced than the wide variety of climatic types would indicate. Thus, villages in western Rajasthan, in the Thar (Great Indian) Desert, may experience less than 13 cm (5 in) of rainfall yearly, while 2,400 km (1,500 mi) eastward, in the Khasi Hills of Assam, Cherrapunji averages about 1,143 cm (450 in) yearly. Sections of the Malabar Coast and hill stations in the Himalayas regularly receive 250–760 cm (100–300 in) yearly; many areas of the heavily populated Ganges- Brahmaputra Lowland and the Peninsula receive under 100 cm (40 in). Winter snowfall is normal for the northern mountains and Kashmir Valley, but for most of India, scorching spring dust storms and severe hailstorms are more common. The northern half of the country is subject to frost from November through February, but by May a temperature as high as 49°C (120°F) in the shade may be recorded. High relative humidity is general from April through September. Extratropical cyclones (similar to hurricanes) often strike the coastal areas between April and June and between September and December. The monsoon is the predominant feature of India’s climate and helps to divide the year into four seasons: rainy, the southwest monsoon, June–September; moist, the retreating monsoon, October–November; dry cool, the northeast monsoon, December–March; hot, April–May. The southwest monsoon brings from the Indian Ocean the moisture on which Indian agriculture relies. Unfortunately, neither the exact times of its annual arrival and departure nor its duration and intensity can be predicted, and variations are great. In 1987, the failure of the southwest monsoon resulted in one of India’s worst droughts of the century.

INDIA (location and size)

The Republic of India, Asia’s second-largest country after China, fills the major part of the South Asian subcontinent (which it shares with Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh) and includes the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep (formerly the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands) in the Arabian Sea. The total area is 3,287,590 sq km (1,269,345 sq mi), including 222,236 sq km (85,806 sq mi) belonging to Jammu and Kashmir; of this disputed region, 78,932 sq km (30,476 sq mi) are under the de facto control of Pakistan and 42,735 sq km (16,500 sq mi) are held by China. Comparatively, the area occupied by India is slightly more than one-third the size of the United States. China claims part of Arunachal Pradesh. Continental India extends 3,214 km (1,997 mi) N–S and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) E–W. India is bordered on the N by the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir (west of the Karakoram Pass), China, Nepal, and Bhutan; on the E by

Myanmar, Bangladesh, and the Bay of Bengal; on the S by the

Indian Ocean; on the W by the Arabian Sea; and on the NW by Pakistan. The total boundary length is 21,103 km (13,113 mi), of which 7,00 km (4,340 mi) is coastline. India’s capital city, New Delhi, is located in the northcentral part of the country.

INDIA (a short story)

CAPITAL: New Delhi FLAG: The national flag, adopted in 1947, is a tricolor of deep saffron, white, and green horizontal stripes. In the center of the white stripe is a blue wheel representing the wheel (chakra) that appears on the abacus of Asoka’s lion capital (c.250 BC) at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh. ANTHEM: Jana gana mana (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People). A national song of equal status is Vande Mataram (I Bow to Thee, Mother). MONETARY UNIT: The rupee (R) is a paper currency of 100 paise. There are coins of 5, 10, 20, 25, and 50 paise, and 1, 2, and 5 rupees, and notes of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 rupees. R1 = 0.02129 (or $1 = R46.97) as of May 2003. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: Metric weights and measures, introduced in 1958, replaced the British and local systems. Indian numerical units still in use include the lakh (equal to 100,000) and the crore (equal to 10 million). HOLIDAYS: Republic Day, 26 January; Independence Day, 15 August; Gandhi Jayanti, 2 October. Annual events—some national, others purely local, and each associated with one or more religious communities—number in the hundreds. The more important include Shivarati in February; and Raksha Bandhan in August. Movable religious holidays include Holi, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja, Dussehra, ‘Id al-Fitr, Dewali; and Christmas, 25 December. TIME: 5:30 PM = noon GMT.

POWER ELECTRONICS

UNIT I: Thyristor Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), construction and principle of operation, two-transistor analogy, static and dynamic characteristics, gate characteristics, ratings, series and parallel operation of SCRs, over voltage and over current protections, protection against high di/dt and high dv/dt, use of UJT for pulse generation. UNIT II: Phase Controlled Rectifiers Principle of phase control, performance parameters, single-phase half wave and full wave controlled rectifiers, mid point and bridge converters, full controlled converters, half controlled converters, comparison between full and half controlled converters, three-phase half wave and fully controlled bridge converter, three-phase semi-converter, effect and source inductance in single-phase and three-phase bridge converters, commutation or overlap angle, effect of overlap. UNIT III: DC To DC Conversion Principle of chopper operation, controlled strategies, step up chopper, step down chopper, chopper configuration, forced commuted chopper, voltage commutated chopper, current commuted chopper, Load commuted chopper, Jone’s chopper, Morgan chopper. UNIT IV: Inverter Classification of inverters, voltage source inverter, current source inverter, series resonant inverter, modified series resonant inverter, parallel inverter, bridge inverter, auxiliary commuted single-phase inverter, complementary commuted singe-phase inverter, and three-phase inverter, Cyclo-converters: basic principle of operation, step-up and step down single-phase to single-phase Cyclo-converter. UNIT V: Speed Control Of DC Motors Four-quadrant operation of series and shunt DC motors, constant HP and constant torque operation, various schemes of speed control (single converter, double converter, chopper), modern semiconductor devices, power transistors, power bipolar junction transistors, steady state characteristics, switching characteristics, switching limits, safe operating area, power MOSFET: steady state characteristics, switching limits, safe operating area, IGBT: steady state characteristics, safe operating area.

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION & SWITCHGEAR

UNIT-I REALY: Terminology, Basic circuit, realy connection with trip circuit and circuit breaker, objectives of protection, types of relay, construction and operation of instantaneous over current realy. I.DM.T. Relay, directional Unit, differential relay, percentage differential relay, Buchholz relay, Generalized torque expression, logical construction of impedance reactance, MHO and Off-set MHO Relays using generalized torque expression. UNIT-II Protection of Alternators: Differential protection, Protection of stator against phases to ground fault, phase to phase faults, inter turn fault, protection against unbalanced loading, protection of rotor against ground fault, field failure, reverse power, back up protection, field suppression, protection of bus bars, frame leakage protection, differential protection. UNIT III Protection of transformers & Feeders: differential protection of transformers for different winding configurations, difficulties encountered in differential protection and their remedies, protection of feeders, protection of ring main and parallel feeders, protection of radial feeders by over current relays, distance relays and carrier current protection scheme. UNIT IV Static Relays: directional relay, impedance relay, admittance relay and admittance relay, amplitude comparator, phase comparator, duality between amplitude and phase comparators. UNIT V Circuit Breakers and Fuses: Arc formation, arc interruption and restriking voltage, current chopping, resistance switch, Air blast circuit breakers, minimum and bulk oil circuit breakers, SF6 and Vacuum Circuit breakers, circuit breakers rating, testing of CB, definitions of terms in fuses, HRC fuses.

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

UNIT I: Symmetrical three-phase short circuit on power systems, calculation of interrupting capacity of circuit breakers, current limiting reactors, symmetrical components, synthesis of unbalanced phasors from symmetrical components, representation of phase variables voltage, current and power in terms of symmetrical components, sequence impedances of power system elements, sequence networks of power system elements, phase shift in star-delta transformer banks. UNIT II: Unsymmetrical Short Circuits Single line-to-ground, line-to-line, double-line-to-ground faults on unloaded alternators, unsymmetrical faults on power systems, fault through impedance, open conductor faults. UNIT III: Power System Stability The stability problem, steady-state stability, transient stability, Swing equation, Equal area criterion of stability, application of equal area criterion, step-by-step solution of the swing equation, factors affecting transient stability, UNIT IV: Load Flow Studies Formulation of bus admittance matrix, formulation of load-flow equations and their solution techniques, digital computer techniques, reactive power optimization. UNIT V: Automatic Generation & Voltage control Introduction, single area and two area load frequency control, and Economic dispatch control, optimal (two area) load frequency control, automatic voltage control, Tie-line bias control.