ENERGY AUDITING (CSVTU)

UNIT I: History of Energy Management: Energy forecasting, Limitations of energy resources. Renewable energy recourses. Load management. Energy management. Demand side management (DSM) Energy conservation in realistic distribution system. Short term load forecasting for de-centralized load management. UNIT II: Energy Situation and Global Energy Sources: World energy consumption. Energy in developing countries. Firewood crises. Indian energy sources. Non-conventional renewable energy sources. Potential of renewable energy sources. Solar energy types. Wind energy. Wave, tidal and OTEC. Super-conductors in power system. Wind power generation for large scale generation of electricity. Wind driven induction generators. UNIT III: Energy Auditing as Applicable to an Industry: Classification of energy audit System optimization. Power factor improvement. Preventive maintenance. Process modification. Non-conventional energy sources. Electricity tariffs. Types of off-peak tariffs. UNIT IV: Elements of Energy Auditing and Metering Methodologies(Case Studies): Capacity utilization. Technology upgradation. Fine tuning, Energy conservation. Concept and methods of energy conservation. UNIT V: Demand Side Management: Introduction to DSM. Concept of DSM. Benefits from DSM. DSM techniques. Time of day pricing, Multi-utility exchange model. Time of day pricing models for planning, load management. Load priority technique. Peak clipping. Peak shifting. Valley filling. Strategic conservation. Energy efficient equipment, Socioeconomic awareness programs. Text Books: 1. Ashok.V.Desai(ED)-Energy Demand: Analysis, Management and Conservatioin, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 2. S. Rao, Parulekar, Energy technology, Khanna Pbs. Reference Books: 1. Jyothi Prakash- Demand Side Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers. 2. N.K.Bansal, Kleeman Millin-Renewable Energy Sources and Conservation Technology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers.

BIO MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION (CSVTU)

Unit-I Brief introduction to human physiology, Basic components of bio-medical instruments, bioelectric signals, action potentials, Bio-electrodes. Unit-II Biomedical Transducers: displacement, velocity, force, acceleration, flow, temperature, potential, dissolved ions &gases, Analysis of EEG, ECG, EMG, EOG, & Bio-Potential Amplifiers for ECG, EMG, EEG, etc. Unit-III Patient care & monitoring system, Remote monitoring through telephone, Internet, Satellite link. Unit-IV Cardiovascular measurement-blood pressure, blood flow, stroke volume, Impedance Plethysmography, Cardiac output, heart sound etc. Instrumentation for respiratory & nervous systems. Unit-V Safety aspects associated with Biomedical Instrumentation. Recent advances in Bio-Medical Instrumentation, Microprocessor based systems, Laser & optical Fiber systems. Text books: 1. Biomedical Instruments & Measurements, Leslie Cromwell, Fred J.Weibell, Erich A.Pfeiffer, 2. P E Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, R.S.Khandpur, TMH Reference books: 1. Biomedical Instrumentation, Arumungam, Anuradha Agencies. 2. Introduction to biomedical engineering, Domach, Pearson Education.

POWER ELECTRONICS

UNIT I: Thyristor Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), construction and principle of operation, two-transistor analogy, static and dynamic characteristics, gate characteristics, ratings, series and parallel operation of SCRs, over voltage and over current protections, protection against high di/dt and high dv/dt, use of UJT for pulse generation. UNIT II: Phase Controlled Rectifiers Principle of phase control, performance parameters, single-phase half wave and full wave controlled rectifiers, mid point and bridge converters, full controlled converters, half controlled converters, comparison between full and half controlled converters, three-phase half wave and fully controlled bridge converter, three-phase semi-converter, effect and source inductance in single-phase and three-phase bridge converters, commutation or overlap angle, effect of overlap. UNIT III: DC To DC Conversion Principle of chopper operation, controlled strategies, step up chopper, step down chopper, chopper configuration, forced commuted chopper, voltage commutated chopper, current commuted chopper, Load commuted chopper, Jone’s chopper, Morgan chopper. UNIT IV: Inverter Classification of inverters, voltage source inverter, current source inverter, series resonant inverter, modified series resonant inverter, parallel inverter, bridge inverter, auxiliary commuted single-phase inverter, complementary commuted singe-phase inverter, and three-phase inverter, Cyclo-converters: basic principle of operation, step-up and step down single-phase to single-phase Cyclo-converter. UNIT V: Speed Control Of DC Motors Four-quadrant operation of series and shunt DC motors, constant HP and constant torque operation, various schemes of speed control (single converter, double converter, chopper), modern semiconductor devices, power transistors, power bipolar junction transistors, steady state characteristics, switching characteristics, switching limits, safe operating area, power MOSFET: steady state characteristics, switching limits, safe operating area, IGBT: steady state characteristics, safe operating area.

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION & SWITCHGEAR

UNIT-I REALY: Terminology, Basic circuit, realy connection with trip circuit and circuit breaker, objectives of protection, types of relay, construction and operation of instantaneous over current realy. I.DM.T. Relay, directional Unit, differential relay, percentage differential relay, Buchholz relay, Generalized torque expression, logical construction of impedance reactance, MHO and Off-set MHO Relays using generalized torque expression. UNIT-II Protection of Alternators: Differential protection, Protection of stator against phases to ground fault, phase to phase faults, inter turn fault, protection against unbalanced loading, protection of rotor against ground fault, field failure, reverse power, back up protection, field suppression, protection of bus bars, frame leakage protection, differential protection. UNIT III Protection of transformers & Feeders: differential protection of transformers for different winding configurations, difficulties encountered in differential protection and their remedies, protection of feeders, protection of ring main and parallel feeders, protection of radial feeders by over current relays, distance relays and carrier current protection scheme. UNIT IV Static Relays: directional relay, impedance relay, admittance relay and admittance relay, amplitude comparator, phase comparator, duality between amplitude and phase comparators. UNIT V Circuit Breakers and Fuses: Arc formation, arc interruption and restriking voltage, current chopping, resistance switch, Air blast circuit breakers, minimum and bulk oil circuit breakers, SF6 and Vacuum Circuit breakers, circuit breakers rating, testing of CB, definitions of terms in fuses, HRC fuses.

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

UNIT I: Symmetrical three-phase short circuit on power systems, calculation of interrupting capacity of circuit breakers, current limiting reactors, symmetrical components, synthesis of unbalanced phasors from symmetrical components, representation of phase variables voltage, current and power in terms of symmetrical components, sequence impedances of power system elements, sequence networks of power system elements, phase shift in star-delta transformer banks. UNIT II: Unsymmetrical Short Circuits Single line-to-ground, line-to-line, double-line-to-ground faults on unloaded alternators, unsymmetrical faults on power systems, fault through impedance, open conductor faults. UNIT III: Power System Stability The stability problem, steady-state stability, transient stability, Swing equation, Equal area criterion of stability, application of equal area criterion, step-by-step solution of the swing equation, factors affecting transient stability, UNIT IV: Load Flow Studies Formulation of bus admittance matrix, formulation of load-flow equations and their solution techniques, digital computer techniques, reactive power optimization. UNIT V: Automatic Generation & Voltage control Introduction, single area and two area load frequency control, and Economic dispatch control, optimal (two area) load frequency control, automatic voltage control, Tie-line bias control.

EHV AC and DC Transmission

UNIT – I Constitution of EHV AC and DC Links, Kind of DC Links, Limitations and advantages of AC and DC Transmission, Principal application of AC and DC Transmission, trends EHV AC and DC Transmission, Power-handling capacity, Converter analysis Garentz circuit, Firing control, overlapping. UNIT – II Extra long distance lines, Voltage profile of loaded and unloaded line along the line, Compensation of lines, series and shunt compensation, Shunt reactors, Tuned power lines, Problems of extra long compensated lines, FACT concept and application. UNIT – III Traveling waves on transmission systems, Their shape, attenuation and distortion, effect of junction and termination on propagation of traveling waves, Over voltages in transmission system, Lightning, switching and temporary over voltage: Control of lighting and switching over voltages. UNIT – IV Components of EHV dc system, converter circuits, rectifier and inverter valves, Reactive power requirements, harmonics generation, adverse effects, Classification, Remedial measures to suppress, filters, Ground return, Converter faults & protection harmonics misoperation, Commutation failure, Multi-terminal D.C. lines. UNIT – V Control of EHV dc system desired features of control, control characteristics, constants current control, Constant extinction angle control, Ignition angle control, parallel operation of HVAC & DC system, Problems and advantages. Textbooks: 1. Begmudre, EHV AC Transmission. 2. Kimbark, HVDC Transmission. 3. Padiyar, HVDC Transmission, New Age Pbs. Reference Books: 1. S.Rao, EHV AC & DC Transmission. 2. Arritilaga, HVDC Transmission.

Installation Maintenance & Testing of Electrical Equipments.

Unit-1 Overview of Site Management, Electrical Safety Introduction to Site activities; Civil works, Erection, Testing & Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance, Type and Scope of Maintenance, Advantages of programmed preventive maintenance, Safety management, Electrical shocks, Recommended safety precautions against electrical shocks in LV and HV installations, Safety procedure during commissioning phase and Operation & maintenance phase. Unit 2 - Transformer I.M.T. Important steps in maintenance of power transformer, maintenance schedule for attended and unattended transformer, causes of troubles and failure of power transformer, Dispatch and shipping, inspection, storage, procedure of filling oil in transformer tank, drying out, various commissioning tests on a power transformer, typical maintenance schedule for transformer up to 1000 KVA and above 1000KVA, transformer oil filtration. Unit 3 - Switchgear, Circuit Breaker I.M.T. Introduction to switchgears and equipments in substation and their functions, Type tests, routine test and commissioning tests, high/low voltage ac circuit breakers (Air, Oil, Vacuum, SF6) possible troubles, causes and remedial actions for outdoor circuit breakers, maintenance of CB (Air, Oil, Vacuum, SF6), Trouble shooting of substation equipments. Unit 4 - Rotating Machines I.M.T. Standard designation for cooling and degree of protection, Installation and commissioning of introduction motor and rotating machines, drying out of electrical rotating machines, installation resistance measurements, Mechanical maintenance of rotating machines, Care, servicing and maintenance of motor, Troubles, causes, remedies and protective devices during respective abnormal condition in low voltage induction motor, Testing of induction motors. Unit 5 – Hotline Maintenance Meaning and advantages of hot-line maintenance. Special type non conducting materials used for preparing tools for Hot line maintenance, Tools, Various types of Hot- line operations, safety during Hot line maintenance. Text Books: Testing, commissioning, operation and maintenance of Electrical equipments - S. Rao, 6th Edn. Khanna Publishers. Reference Books: Installation maintenance and testing vol. I & II B.V.S. Rao Installation maintenance and testing of Electrical Equipments by Tarlok S

Utilization Of Electrical Energy

UNIT I: Electric Drives Basic concept of electric drives, choice of electric drives, fundamental torque equation, speed torque converter and multi quadrant operation, equivalent values of drive parameters, concept of load torque, calculation of time and energy loss in transient operation, steady state stability and load equalization, UNIT II: Control Of Electric Drives Modes of operation, classification of drives, closed loop control of drives, current, torque speed , position etc. Controllers PI, PID, PLL, Heating and Cooling of motors, Selection of motor power rating under different loading conditions, Continuous, Short and Intermittent periodic duty, Review of torque speed characteristics of AC and DC motors. UNIT III: AC Drives Induction motor drives, Review of conventional method of Starting, Braking and Speed control, Voltage source inverter (VSI) and Current source inverter (CSI) fed three-phase induction motor drives, Cycloconverter fed drives, Static Kramer & Scherbius drives. Synchronous motor drives: Speed control of synchronous motor using voltage and current source inverters, Self controlled synchronous motor drives employing load commuted thyristor inverter. UNIT IV: Traction drives Nature of traction load, Important feature of traction drives, Motors employed in traction, Conventional method for AC and DC traction drives control, Semiconductor converter controlled drives employing DC motors, AC motors for 25 KV AC traction. Heating and welding: Types of electric heating, resistance ovens, Induction heating, dielectric heating, Arc furnace, Resistance welding and Arc welding. UNIT V: Illumination& Energy Conservation Nature of light, production of light, lighting calculation, factory lighting, flood lighting and street lighting. Measures of Energy Conservation in Electric drives, Use of Efficient semiconductor Converters, Efficient Motors, Variable speed drives etc Text Books: 1. “Fundamentals of electrical drives”,G K Dubey, 2nd edition, Narosa Pb 2. “Electric Drives’’ Vedam Subramanyam, TMH Pbs. 3. “Utilization of electric energy”, Taylor, Orient Longman Pbs. Reference Books: 1. “Electric drives”, De and Sen, PHI Pbs. 2. “A first course on Electric drives”S K Pillai, University press. 3. “Modern Power Electronics and A C Drives’’ B K Bose, Pearson Education

Modern Control System

UNIT I: Non-Linear Control System Introduction, some common types of nonlinearlities, comparison of linear and non-linear systems, properties of nonlinear control systems, describing functions, stability analysis using describing functions, limit cycle, Liapunov Stability Analysis Of Linear Systems, Second method of Liapunov with four Stability theorems. UNIT II: State Space Analysis Basics: state no uniqueness, eigen values, its invariance, diagonalization and Jordan canonical form, Caylay- Hamilton theorem, Computation of state transition matrix by a) Inverse Laplace method and b) Caylay Hamilton method, controllability and observability (Time Variant Systems), state equations in CCF, OCF and Diagonal Canonical form, Decompositions of Transfer Functions, Effect of Pole-Zero cancellation in Transfer Function. UNIT III: Control System Design By State Space : Pole placement design, Ackermann’s Formula for Pole Placement, design of full and reduced order state observers, design of Servo system. UNIT IV: Discrete System Control : Introduction, Impulse sampling and Data Hold, Reconstructing Original signals from Sampled signals, The Pulse Transfer Function, Mapping between the s Plane and the z Plane, Dominant characteristic Equation Roots, Stability Analysis using Bilinaer transformation Method and Jury’s stability test. UNIT V: Optimal Control Systems: The Discrete Eular-Lagrange Equation, The Discrete Maximum(Minimum) Priciple, Solution of the Discrete Riccati Equation by a) Recursive Method of solving the Riccati equation b) The Eigenvalue-Eigenvector Method. Text Books: 1) Control Systems Engineering; I.J.Nagrath and M. Gopal; New Age International Publishers, Fourth Edition. 2) Digital Control Systems; Benjamin.C. Kuo; Oxford University Press, Second edition. Reference Books: 1) Modern Control Engineering, Roy Choudhary, PHI. 2) Control System Analysis and Design by K.K. Agrawal. 3) Control Engineering Theory and Practice by M.N. Bandhopadhyay, PHI. 4) Introduction to Control Engg. Model, Analysis and Design by Ajit. K. Mandal, New Age International Publishers.

System Software

UNIT-I Machine structure: - memory, registers, Data & instruction Formats C Languages Vs Assembly Languages, Addressing Modes, Data Transfer operations, Arithmetic Instructions, Compare & Branch Instructions, Logical & shift Operations, Subroutines in Assembly Languages. Unit-II Assemblers: Introduction to Translators: Interpreters vs. Compliers, Definition of an assembler, Symbol Tables, Table Processing-Search & sort Techniques, Design of an Assembler, Assembler Directives & Assembler Schenmes, Single pass & multi pass Translators, Intermediate Code Forms, and List Generation & Error Indication Unit-III Macros & Conditional Assembly: Macro Definition, Feature of Macro facility, Macroinstruction arguments, conditional Macro Expansion, Label in macros, Macro calls within macros, Use of macros, Implementation of Macros in assemblers. Unit-IV Loaders Features & Linker Editors: Automatic Library Search, Loader Design Options, Load Address & Address Origin, Loading Libraries, Program Forms & self Relocation. Linkage Editors, Dynamic Linking, Bootstrap Loaders. Unit- V Software Tools: Text Editors: Word Processors, MS DOS EDLIN editor, Binary File Editors MS DOS DEBUG Editor, Debug command line Arguments, Loading & manipulating of addresses & data. Textbooks: 1. System software by D.M.Dhamdhere (TMH) 2. System Programming by J.J.Donovan (TMH) 3. Microcomputer System: 8086/8088 & Family-Architecture & Design by Liu & Gibson, PHI Reference Books: 1. Advanced Dos by Michael Hyman & Ray Duncan (Ms-press). 2. Ms-Dos User’s manual (MS-Press) 3. Structured programming in Assembly Languages for IBM-PC by William C.Runnion.

Non-Conventional And Renewable Energy Sources

UNIT I: Current Energy Systems Energy utilization: energy characteristics, different forms of energy, energy use, role of energy consumption. Energy resources: classification of energy resources, availability of commercial primary energy sources (coal, oil, natural gas, hydro power), exploitation of commercial primary energy resources, economic growth and energy demand, Renewable energy sources potential, solar energy, thermal energy, wind energy, biological conversion. Energy conversion technologies: electricity generation, transport energy, rural energy, and limitations of current power generation systems UNIT II: Wind Energy Wind power plant, classification of wind power plant, principles of power generation, wind turbine operation and control, site selection, artificial winds, aero-electric plant, low wind speed turbines, energy storage scheme, wind diesel hybrid system. UNIT III Geothermal Energy: types of geothermal energy, hydrothermal systems, geopressured systems, petrothermal systems. Ocean Energy: ocean energy conversion technologies, open or Claude cycle, closed cycle, problems in harnessing ocean thermal plants, limitations of ocean thermal plants. UNIT IV: Solar Energy Solar radiation, solar collectors, solar power tower, conversion of solar heat into energy, solar water heaters, solar ponds, solar cookers, solar refrigeration, solar water pumps, limitations of solar energy. UNIT V: Energy conversion systems Fuel cells: principle, advantages, disadvantages, and applications, Solar cells: Theory and operation of solar cells, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Biomass and bio-energy: biomass conversion, combustion of biomass, thermo chemical and biochemical conversion, biogas applications, advantages. Textbooks: 1. “Power plant technology”, Wakil, McGraw Pbs. 2. “Renewable energy sources and their environmental impact”, Abbasi and Abbasi, PHI Pbs. Reference books: 1. “Non conventional energy resources”, Singhal, Kataria Pbs. 2. “Generation of electrical energy”, B. R. Gupta, S Chand. 3. “Energy technology”, Rao and Parulekar, Khanna Pbs.

Management Concepts And Techniques

UNIT I: Basic management and techniques: Planning, nature purpose and objectives of planning, organizing, nature and purpose of organizing, authority and responsibility, staffing, supply of human resources, performance appraisal, controlling, system and process of controlling, control techniques. Human resource management: nature and scope of human resource planning, training and development, recruitment and selection, career growth, absenteeism, grievances, motivation and its types, need of motivation, reward and punishment, models of motivation, leaders, types of leaders, leadership styles, roles and functions of leaders, conflict management, types and causes of conflict, group and team working, organizational design and development. UNIT II Marketing management: marketing environment, customer markets and buyer behavior, marketing mix, advertising and sales promotion, channels of distribution. Financial management and accounting concepts: book keeping, financial statements analysis, financial ratios, capital budgeting, and breakeven analysis. UNIT III Production/operations management: planning and design of production and operations systems, facilities planning, location, layout and movement of materials, materials management and inventory control, maintenance management, PERT and CPM. UNIT IV Management information systems: role of information in decision making, information system planning, design and implementation, evaluation and effectiveness of the information system, statistical quality control, total quality management and ISO certificate. UNIT V Social and ethical issues in management: ethics in management, social factors, unfair and restrictive trade practices. Strategic and technology management: need, nature, scope and strategy SWOT analysis, value chain concept. Text Books: 1. Industrial management and engineering economics, K. C. Arora, Khanna Pbs. 2. Industrial engineering and production management, Martand Telsang, S. Chand 3. Industrial management and organization, Ahuja, Khanna Pbs. 4. Industrial engineering and management, O. P. Khanna, DRD Reference Books: 1. Industrial organization and management, Ramchandran, Ramana Mutrhy, TMH. 2. Management science, Ramchandra, TMH. 3. Industrial engineering and production management, Mahajan, DRP. 4. Management theory and practice, Chandan, Vikas Pbs.

Electrical Machines III

UNIT I: Theory Of Ideal Synchronous Machines The ideal synchronous machine, synchronous machine inductances, transformation to direct and quadrature axis variables, basic machine relation id dq0 variables, steady state analysis using dq0, transient analysis, three-phase short circuit, transient power angle characteristics, effect of additional rotor circuits. UNIT II: Theory Of Ideal Poly-Phase Induction Machines The ideal induction machine, transformation to dq variables, basic machine relation in dq variables, steady state analysis using dq0, electrical transients in induction machine, single phasing of three-phase induction motor, power invariance. UNIT III: Fractional Horse Power Motor Qualitative examination, starting and running performance of single phase induction motor, revolving field theory of single-phase induction motor, AC tachometer, unbalanced operation of symmetrical two-phase machine, the symmetrical component concept, two-phase control motors. UNIT IV: AC Commutator Motors Rotational EMFs in commutator windings, action of commutator as frequency converter, effect of EMF injection in secondary circuit of three-phase slip-ring induction motor, secondary (slip) power, constant HP and constant torque drives, Kramer and Scherbius system of speed control, single-phase series motors, universal motors, phasor diagrams, methods of improving commutation. UNIT V: Special Motors Hystersis motor, reluctance motor, stepper motor, Synchros and linear induction motor, Permanent magnet brushless BC motor. Text Books: 1. Electrical machines by Fitzerald and Kingseley, 2nd edition, McGrawHill. 2. Performance and design of AC commutator machines by Taylor. Reference Books: 1. Generalized theory of electrical machines by Bimbhra, Khanna Pbs. 2. Power system stability, vol-3 by Kimbark, Wiely 3. General theory of electrical machines by Adkins.

High Voltage Engineering

UNIT I: Breakdown in Gases Gases as insulating media, Ionization processes, Electron avalanche, Townsend’s criterion for breakdown, streamer theory of breakdown, Gaseous discharge in uniform field, Paschen’s law, Breakdown in non-uniform field, corona discharges, effect of polarity on corona & breakdown voltage. Corona in transmission lines, Empirical formulae for corona loss, Methods of reducing corona loss. UNIT II: Dielectrics Liquid Dielectrics: conduction & breakdown in pure liquids, Conduction & breakdown in commercial liquids, Methods for determination of breakdown strength. Factors affecting dielectric strength of liquids. Solid Dielectrics: -Breakdown mechanism, Intrinsic breakdown, Electromechanical breakdown, thermal breakdown, breakdown of solid dielectric in practice, Breakdown due to treeing & tracking, breakdown due to the internal discharges. UNIT III: Generation of high voltages Generation of high D.C. voltages, half wave & full wave rectifier circuits, Van De Graff generators, Electro-static Generators, Generation of high alternating voltages, cascade transformers, Generation of impulse voltages, Multistage Impulse generator, Marx circuit, Tripping & control of Impulse generators UNIT IV: Measurement of high Voltages Measurement of high D.C.voltage, Measurement of high A.C.& impulse voltages, series Impedance voltmeter, series capacitance voltmeter capacitance potential dividers & capacitance voltage transformers, Resistance potential dividers, Electrostatic voltmeter, Spark gap for measurement of high D.C., A.C. & impulse voltages, Potential divider for impulse voltage measurements, CRO for impulse voltage measurements. UNIT V: High Voltage Testing of Electrical Apparatus: Test on insulators, Dry & wet flash Over tests & withstand tests, Impulse flash over & withstand voltage test, High voltage tests on cables Impulse testing of transformers. Non-Destructive Testing: Measurement of dielectric constant & loss factor, High voltage Schering Bridge, Partial Discharge Measurements. Text Books: 1. High Voltage Engineering by M.S. Naidu & V.Kamraju, TMH Pbs. 2. An introduction to high voltage enginnering, Subir Ray, PHI. Reference Books: 1. High voltage Insulation Engineering by Ravindra Arora, New Age International. 2. High Voltage Engineering By Dr.R.S.Jha, Dhanpat Rai & Sons. 3. Extra High Voltage A.C. Transmission Engineering by R.D. Begamudre Wiley Eastern Limited. 4. High voltage Engineering by D. V. Razevig and Chaurasia, khanna pbs.